Callusing is an essential stage in the propagation of plumeria cuttings, as it allows the cut end of the cutting to develop a protective layer of tissue before roots begin to form. Several factors can influence the callusing process, including:

Temperature:

Plumeria cuttings typically callus best in warm temperatures ranging from 70°F to 90°F (21°C to 32°C). Warmer temperatures promote faster callus formation. Avoid temperatures below 50°F (10°C) as they can slow down or inhibit callusing.

Humidity:

Moderate humidity levels are beneficial for callus formation. Too much humidity can lead to rotting, while low humidity can cause the cutting to dry out before callusing occurs. Aim for relative humidity levels between 50% to 70%.

Air Circulation:

Adequate air circulation around the cuttings helps prevent fungal diseases and promotes healthy callusing. However, avoid placing cuttings in direct drafts, which can cause them to dry out too quickly.

Cutting Size and Type:

Larger Plumeria cuttings generally tend to form calluses more easily than smaller ones due to their higher energy reserves. Moreover, greenwood cuttings (taken from young, actively growing stems) usually develop calluses faster than hardwood cuttings (taken from older, dormant stems). However, greenwood cuttings require more attention and care as they tend to dry out faster.

Cutting Preparation:

To improve the formation of calluses in plumeria cuttings, it is important to prepare the cut end properly. This can be done by using a sharp and sterilized knife to make a clean cut. The cut end should be allowed to dry for a week or two until a callus forms before planting. It is believed that making diagonal cuts can expose more surface area, leading to better callusing, but most growers use a 90-degree cut.

Callus Inducing Hormones:

Some gardeners use rooting hormone powders or gels that contain auxins, such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), to promote callus formation and root development. Although not essential, these products can speed up the process. Hormones work best if applied to the cutting immediately after taking it. The longer you wait, the less effective it becomes.

Substrate:

After a callus has formed on the cutting, it should be placed in a well-draining substrate like a mix of perlite and potting soil or coarse sand. This will help to maintain optimal moisture levels around the cut end while allowing excess water to drain away. Excess moisture around the cutting can hinder callusing and promote rot. When placing the cutting in the substrate, water it once and then avoid watering it again until 3 or 4 mature leaves have formed. If the cutting becomes withered, mist it until it looks normal again.

Avoiding Direct Sunlight:

Placing cuttings in direct sunlight can cause them to dry out too quickly and may inhibit callus formation. Instead, provide bright, indirect light or dappled shade until calluses have formed and roots begin to develop.

Conclusion:

The success of propagating plumeria cuttings is significantly influenced by the growing conditions you maintain. By closely monitoring and adjusting these environmental factors, you create an ideal setting that fosters the callusing process, which is critical for the subsequent development of healthy roots and robust plant growth.

By paying meticulous attention to these factors and providing the optimal conditions, you significantly enhance the likelihood of success in your plumeria propagation endeavors. The goal is to create a stable, nurturing environment where your plumeria cuttings can flourish, ultimately leading to the development of strong, healthy plants.

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