We delve into the nuances of the studies on Frangipani Mosaic Virus (FrMV) and Plumeria Mosaic Virus (PrMV), exploring the methodologies, specific findings, and broader implications for global cultivation and care of Plumeria plants.

In-depth Exploration of Research Studies

1. Characterisation and Diagnosis of Frangipani Mosaic Virus from India

• Scope and Background: The study aimed to fill a critical knowledge gap regarding FrMV, particularly in the Indian context, where Plumeria plants hold significant cultural importance.
• Methodological Approach: Utilizing a combination of host reaction analysis, serological testing, and genome sequencing, the study characterized an isolate of FrMV (FrMV-Ind-1) in New Delhi.
• Distinct Findings: The identification of FrMV-Ind-1’s impact on various host species broadened the understanding of the virus’s behavior and transmission.
• Genomic Insights and Diagnostic Development: The sequencing of the FrMV-Ind-1 genome and the development of polyclonal antiserum for virus detection marked significant advancements in both the scientific understanding and practical management of the virus.
• Regional Implications: This study is particularly relevant for regions where Plumeria is widely cultivated, offering new tools and knowledge for managing FrMV and protecting these valuable plants.

2. First Report of Frangipani Mosaic Virus Infecting Frangipani

• Objective and Techniques: Focused on employing PCR techniques to test for FrMV in frangipani plants, the study aimed to enhance the precision in detecting and understanding the virus’s spread.
• Sampling and Results: The extraction of RNA from both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants revealed important insights into the virus’s prevalence and effects.
• Contribution to Plant Pathology: The study underscores the value of molecular diagnostics in plant virology, offering a more nuanced understanding of FrMV’s behavior and management in frangipani plants.

3. Host Biology and Genomic Properties of Plumeria Mosaic Virus

• Novel Discovery: The introduction of Plumeria mosaic virus (PluMV) as a new tobamovirus co-infecting with FrMV in India represents a significant advancement in the field of plant virology.
• Comprehensive Analysis: Through isolation, symptom analysis on different hosts, and genomic sequencing, the study provided a thorough characterization of PluMV.
• Comparative Genomics: The study’s genomic comparison between PluMV and FrMV offers critical insights into the evolution and differentiation of tobamoviruses.
• Diagnostic Advances and Broader Impact: The development of differential diagnostic assays for PluMV and FrMV has practical implications for Plumeria cultivation globally, enhancing the ability to manage these viruses effectively.

4. Identification of Frangipani Mosaic Virus and Plumeria Mosaic Virus

• Symptomatology Focus: The detailed observation and documentation of symptoms caused by FrMV provided crucial information for early detection.
• Practical Application in Horticulture: This information is invaluable for nurseries and Plumeria enthusiasts, aiding in timely intervention and management of the disease.
• Contribution to Plumeria Cultivation: Understanding these symptoms helps maintain the aesthetic and commercial value of Plumeria plants, which are popular in landscapes and gardens worldwide.

5. First Report of Plumeria Mosaic Virus in the United States

• Context and Methodology: Investigating symptomatic Plumeria plants in Hawaii, this study employed advanced sequencing techniques to identify the presence of viral pathogens.
• Key Findings: The detection of both PluMV and FrMV in Hawaii marked a significant expansion in the known geographical distribution of these viruses.
• Implications for Agriculture and Biosecurity: The report is crucial for understanding the spread of these viruses in major Plumeria-growing regions like the United States and highlights the need for robust biosecurity measures to prevent further spread.
• Future Research Directions: The suggestion of additional novel viruses in Plumeria plants points to the need for ongoing research to characterize these viruses and assess their impact on Plumeria health and cultivation.

Conclusion

The research on FrMV and PrMV provides comprehensive insights into the behavior, impact, and management of these viruses in Plumeria plants. These studies are instrumental in advancing our understanding of plant virology and are crucial for the global community of Plumeria growers and enthusiasts. As Plumeria continues to be a popular ornamental plant worldwide, continued research and international collaboration are essential to mitigate the risks posed by these and other plant viruses, ensuring the health and beauty of Plumeria for future generations.

Here is a list of references for the studies related to Frangipani Mosaic Virus (FrMV) and Plumeria Mosaic Virus (PrMV):

1. Characterization and Diagnosis of Frangipani Mosaic Virus from India
   • PubMed. (2023).
   • Link to study
   • DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1228-3
2. First Report of Frangipani Mosaic Virus Infecting Frangipani
   • APS Journals. (2023).
   • Link to study
3. Host biology and genomic properties of Plumeria mosaic virus, a tobamovirus discovered in a temple tree in India co-infecting with Frangipani Mosaic Virus
   • Frontiers. (2023).
   • Link to study
4. (PDF) Frangipani mosaic virus and Plumeria mosaic virus: Identification
   • ResearchGate. (2023).
   • Link to study
5. First report of plumeria mosaic virus infecting Plumeria spp. in the United States
   • PubMed. (2023).
   • Link to study

These references provide detailed information on the studies conducted on FrMV and PrMV, contributing significantly to the understanding and management of these viruses in Plumeria plants.

For up-to-date information and accurate and direct access to these studies, I recommend searching for the study titles in academic databases or on the journals’ websites where they were published. Typically, resources like PubMed, APS Journals, Frontiers, and ResearchGate are excellent platforms for accessing scientific studies. You can use the titles and details provided to locate the specific studies on these platforms.

The post MOSAIC VIRUS: Frangipani Mosaic Virus (FrMV) and Plumeria Mosaic Virus (PrMV): appeared first on The Ultimate Plumeria Care Guide.

196 August 1978

Family: Virgaviridae Genus: Tobamovirus Species: Frangipani mosaic virus Acronym: FrMV

Frangipani mosaic virus

A. Varma – Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India

A. J. Gibbs – Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Contents

Introduction

Described by Francki, Zaitlin & Grivell (1971).SynonymTemple tree mosaic virus. A virus with tubular particles 300 nm long and 18 nm in diameter. Sap transmissible. No vector known; is spread in cuttings of infected frangipani (Plumeria spp.). Restricted host range, grows best at 30-35°C.

Main Diseases

In Plumeria acutifolia the virus causes mosaic, ringspots, veinbanding and bronzing. In P. alba, it causes ringspots, leaf distortion and necrosis. No flower symptoms.

Geographical Distribution

Common in eastern Australia and northern India.

Host Range and Symptomatology

Host range not yet tested extensively, but seems restricted. More species become infected at temperatures above 25°C than below. At 35°C symptoms show in 3-6 days, at 22°C they take 2 weeks or more.Diagnostic speciesDatura stramonium. Chlorotic, necrotic or black lesions develop in inoculated leaves after 1-2 weeks in the glasshouse at 22°C. At 35°C, in controlled environment cabinets, similar symptoms develop in 3 days; one strain causes systemic necrosis along the veins and leaf margins.Nicotiana glutinosa. At 22°C inoculated leaves develop chlorotic lesions in about 2 weeks. Not infected systemically.N. tabacum (tobacco) cvs Samsun, Virginia Gold or White Burley. Rarely infected at 22°C. At 35°C all strains induce bright chlorotic or necrotic ringspots in inoculated and systemically infected leaves.N. clevelandii x N. glutinosa. Not infected at 22°C. At 35°C inoculated leaves develop faint chlorotic lesions which become necrotic or develop ringspots. Not infected systemically.Propagation speciesNicotiana glutinosa. Inoculated leaves give a good yield after 2-3 weeks at 22°C.Assay speciesDatura stramonium is the most reliable assay species.

Strains

Three distinct strains from different provenances have been distinguished by the symptoms they produce. They are the Adelaide strain (Adel) (Francki et al., 1971), and the Allahabad (Ald) and Delhi (Del) strains (A. Varma & A. J. Gibbs, unpublished data). Leaves of D. stramonium kept at about 22°C develop faint chlorotic lesions after inoculation with strain Adel, necrotic lesions after inoculation with strain Ald, and chlorotic lesions, later becoming black, after inoculation with strain Del. At 35°C symptoms developed more quickly and spread more: strain Adel gave necrotic lesions, strain Ald gave lesions with chlorotic haloes or ringspots, and strain Del gave spreading black necrotic ringspots and systemic veinal and marginal necrosis. N. tabacum cv. Virginia Gold was susceptible at 22°C to strain Del only, showing chlorotic and necrotic local lesions. At 35°C in the same tobacco cultivar, strain Adel gave faint necrotic ringspots, strain Ald gave bright necrotic ringspots and strain Del gave large ringspots both in inoculated and in tip leaves.

Transmission by Vectors

No vector is known.

Transmission through Seed

Not transmitted through seed of D. stramonium or N. tabacum cv. Samsun.

Serology

Particles of the virus are strongly immunogenic. They give flocculent precipitates in tube precipitin tests, and form one band of precipitate in gel diffusion tests.

Relationships

Properties, serological relationships and particle morphology place the virus in the tobamovirus group. The particles of frangipani mosaic virus are morphologically indistinguishable from those of other tobamoviruses. The Adel, Ald and Del strains are serologically closely related to each other. All three strains are related distantly to cucumber virus 4, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, and an isolate of sunn-hemp mosaic virus from Queensland, Australia (but not one from West Africa); and even more distantly to TMV-type strain, TMV-U2 strain, tomato mosaic virus and ribgrass mosaic virus. (A. J. Gibbs & A. Varma, unpublished data; Franckiet al., 1971). There was no detectable serological relationship with Sammons’ opuntia virus even though comparisons of coat protein composition indicate a close affinity (Description No. 184).

Stability in Sap

Very stable. Sap from infected D. stramonium was not infective after heating to 95°C for 10 min, and lost 90% of its infectivity in 10 min at 90°C. The sap was still infective after 10 weeks at room temperature, and at dilutions up to 10^-5.

Purification

The virus is easily purified from infected leaves of frangipani or N. glutinosa by several methods. The following methods give good yields:

1. Francki et al. (1971), based on McLean & Francki (1967) and Francki & McLean (1968). Homogenise infected leaves of N. glutinosa in 1.5 volumes of 0.2 M Na₂HPO₄, clarify by adsorption with charcoal and DEAE cellulose and filter through Celite. Sediment the particles by centrifuging at 44,000 g for 90 min. Resuspend pellets in distilled water and emulsify with equal volume of chloroform. Centrifuge at 12,000 g for 10 min. Collect aqueous layer and sediment the particles by centrifuging at 16,000 g for 30 min. Repeat chloroform extraction and sedimentation.

2. Based on Varma, Gibbs & Woods (1970). Triturate infected leaves mechanically with 2 ml/g of neutral phosphate-ascorbate buffer (equal volumes of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate and 0.05 M ascorbic acid). Add a quarter volume of chloroform, emulsify, centrifuge at 8000 g for 10 min, collect supernatant fluid and centrifuge for 1 h at 75,000 g. Resuspend the pellets in a small quantity of the buffer. Further purify by rate zonal centrifugation at 45,000 g for 75 min in gradients of 10-40% sucrose.

Properties of Particles

In dilute solutions the virus sediments as a single component with sedimentation coefficient (s_{20, w}) of 188 S (R. D. Woods, unpublished data).A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀: 1.21.

Particle Structure

The virus has rod-shaped particles about 300 nm long and 17 nm wide. The preparations also contain shorter particles (Francki et al., 1971) (Fig.6).

Particle Composition

 Nucleic acid: The particles contain c. 5% RNA.Protein: Each subunit of the coat protein of strain Adel contains about 158 amino acid residues: Ala, 14; Arg, 11; Asx, 17; Cys, 1; Glx, 16; Gly, 9; His, 1; Ile, 11; Leu, 13; Lys, 4; Met, 0; Phe, 7; Pro, 4; Ser, 14; Thr, 13; Trp, 5; Tyr, 5; Val, 13 (Francki et al., 1971). Of the other tobamoviruses whose coat proteins have been analysed, Sammons’ opuntia virus has a composition most similar to that of frangipani mosaic virus..

Relations with Cells and Tissues

In the cytoplasm of infected parenchymatous cells of D. stramonium leaves, the particles of frangipani mosaic virus aggregate as microcrystals of various shapes and sizes. Particles were not seen in mitochondria, chloroplasts or nuclei although these organelles are not of normal appearance.

References

1. Francki & McLean, Aust. J. biol. Sci. 21: 1311, 1968.
2. Francki, Zaitlin & Grivell, Aust. J. biol Sci. 24: 815, 1971.
3. McLean & Francki, Virology 31: 585, 1967.
4. Varma, Gibbs & Woods, J. gen. Virol. 8: 21, 1970.

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